Not trying to sound like a dick (I haven't ever played a single account enough to even make it to ranked games), but wasn't the ELO system (and it's subsequent replacement) designed to be just that? Work your way out of the drudge into a higher ranking number, and therefore have better matches? All the while the worst of the worst all get bogged down into the lower rankings? Or is the system just too flooded to account for difference in skill unless the difference is huge?
ELO wasn't replaced, it still exists behind-the-scenes. (It's called MMR but still functions the exact same).
Placement matches still exist. The Hidden MMR affects how many League Points you gain or lose. Leagues & Divisions are just a way to provide goals to work toward.
I've been cursed to remain at shit-tier Elo it seems. Whenever I break free I seem to get every troll, feeder, and 4v5 scenario imaginable. Ranked requires skill, but also luck, to advance.
Thing is, it doesn't matter how high you go, I've seen pros play and have days where no matter what they do, they just can't win a game. It's everywhere. As you advance its not like you're going to start playing against worse players, they will be as good or better. It doesn't take much to have a feeder. A lane can snowball real easily. I know if I can get the edge in my lane, I'll keep it and abuse it and will only lose it if the enemy team works together to help their lane out. (Jungle pressure or whatever).
The screenshot posted above is a classic case of all lanes losing and then getting snowballed. Maybe each of those players just had a bad game, from the ss you'd imply that they all must really suck. Not 1 person on the defeated team has a positive record, but what tends to happen most isn't that every player is absolutely terrible, its that they lost their lane, it snowballed, the the TEAM never provided assistance or never changed up the strategy, each player kept going back to a losing lane and dying again and again. At the end, everyone starts having double-digit deaths and looks like they should never play ranked again. It sucks to be on a team like that but you just have to put it behind and try again and maybe next time try to see whats coming and change something up before its too late.
If you lolking some of those players, that 3-9 Elise has a lot of good games (16-1 as Lux, 12-2 as Kog Maw, 9-1 as Morgana, even a recent win as Elise going 3-5-14). The 1-12 Ziggs has 5 wins and 5 losses in his last 10 games. He seems to die a lot but the 1-12 is his worst game in his past 10...
I hate ranked but can't stop trying for some reason. So much luck required. If everyone on my team can just win their lane it would be so simple, but unfortunately it can't always happen.