So this is what I came up with as my first build for casual play with my buddies. Aggro/control I guess. Worked with the card I have.
Blue White Aggro Control (Standard MTG Deck)
Ok, I realise you are just going with the cards you have but here is some constructive criticism.
1) You have jammed two approaches together and they get in each other's way. Control means stalling the opponent until you can drop something they can't deal with. You don't have enough control or a fatty that fits the bill. Aggro is high value, low casting cost cards and you just go all out to blow your opponent out as soon as possible. Pick one and cut the cards that don't fit the bill.
2) Generally speaking, enchantments that target one creature are a bad idea unless they can protect themselves. If the creature gets removed (and there are lots of ways to do that) then your opponent has got 2 of your cards for his one. Not good. You especially want to avoid giving your opponent card advantage if you are going for a more mid-range or control strategy.
3) Mana curve. Simply put you have to fit the the cards to the mana available. So, if you play 2 colors you want to avoid too many cards that cost 2 or more of one of the colors. For a newbie I would
stronglysuggest sticking with a mono deck as the man curve is simpler to work with.
Consider the mono black devotion deck that is kicking your arse. The creatures and effects in it get stronger as the person plays more black permanents. It is a simple mechanic to keep in mind during the heat of a match. For new players this can be key to achieving success. Have a simple strategy and stick to it. You remove a variable from considering how you lose or win. It will be down to what your opponent is doing as you have minimised the risk of your own misplays.
I would suggest some form of the following aggro archetypes as a starter ..
1) Some form of Green ramp (using green creatures as mana generators to cast big green fatties well ahead of the land mana curve).
2) Red Deck Wins, my favourite archetype. Using tons of cheap red creatures and direct damage spells to blow your opponent out.
3) White token based aggro (splash in lifegain). White has a lot of cheap creatures and token generation plus 'pump all creatures' enchantments.
forums.mtgsalvation.com is a great resource. Look in the Standard section at the current tier 1 decks and you will see decks that use one of those three archetypes. It will also show you how control, mid-range and combo work (the other main meta types imo).